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 Q1 : Week 3 – 9/14 – 9/18

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If you have not already please join the REMIND for this class. 

Please Make sure Your read all instructions for all assignments.    

LAB 1 -Reactivity of metals is Late!!!!!  

LAB 2 –  Voltaic Cell will be due Wednesday 9/16.

  _______________________________________                                                                                     Jump to:  Monday Homework / top
9/14 – Monday – A Day – 1AB                  

Main focus – 

a) To identify the precipitate in a net ion equation using the solubility rules or concepts.  
     
b) To write a net – ion reaction for a precipitation reaction
 
c) To identify the voltage change in a voltaic cell due to Le Chatelier’s Principle with changes in the concentrations of ions in half cells, specifically when a precipitate is made or a common ion is added.

 

Period 1:
 
 – Review the exceptions to the solubility rules for SO4-2, OH–  in table F (fofoo!)
 
1. Review of the AP problems that was also assigned Thursday night – question 2

Intro Voltaic Cells worksheet 2 – skills Key p.pdf
View Download

2. Review Weekends homework especially question 2:

Intro Voltaic Cells Worksheet 1 key pp.pdf
View Download

In question 2 my key does not do a great job in answering some questions..

2a) overall reaction with the greatest voltage:

    2Al (s)                 →     2Al+3 (aq)   +    3e- 6e-              +1.66 volts

   3Cu+2    +   2e– 6e-    →   3Cu (s)                                     +0.34 Volts                                                         _______________________________________________

2Al (s)   +   3Cu+2   →   2Al+3 (aq)   +    3Cu (s)            E0 cell = 2.00 volts

2d) Explain why each salt (ionic compound) is not appropriate: 

NaOH –> Although OH– is soluble and thus produces free ions that will “maintain electrical neutrality”  it will cause a precipitate with the Cu+2 ion in the reduction cell that will lower the reactants causing a shift to the left that would lower the voltage due to Le Chatelier’s Principle

CuS —> This salt is not soluble (large positive and large negative charges) thus their would be NO FREE IONS  “to maintain electrical neutrality” and thus this choice of salt in the salt bridge would cause the voltage to remain at zero!

NaNO3 —-> This salt is soluble and thus will produce free ions “to maintain electrical neutrality” and will facilitate a positive voltage.  This salt has weak coulombic attractions due to each of the ions having a low charge density.

3. Classwork – Quiz practice

2025 Galvanic Cell FRQ. pdf                                                                                                                                                            View Download

_____________

 

 

Dissolving of a soluble salt :  Water can compete with the Coulombic attractions of ions in a salt.

 

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j 

1.  Please Study for a 15 minute –  1 page Quiz the voltaic Cell for Tomorrow 9/14
 The questions you just completed in Voltaic Cells Worksheet 1 and 2 is a great review.
 
Topics:
 
A) Labeling a complete voltaic cell:
 
       1. Identify Anode and Cathode and their charges.
       2. Determine the flow of electrons.
       3. Label all ions in half cells (oxidation and reduction areas) AND in Salt Bridge.
       4. Movement of ions in salt bridge.
       
B)  Write the Half reactions.
C)  Determine the overall Balanced Net ion reaction.
D)  Calculate the Net Potential (E0 cell) of the voltaic cell.
 
E) Predict how the voltaic cell’s voltage will change in response to stress.
 That stress could be “common ion”, or a decrease in an existing ion due to precipitation.
    
Underlying Principles:
Coulombs Law, Le Chatelier’s Principle, Voltage vs Amperage, Spontaneity and Equilibrium, 
Solubility and Precipitates, Reduction potentials. 

 

The format of the quiz is just like Intro Voltaic Cells worksheet 2 and todays classwork: 2025 Cell FRQ. I would review them. 

 Today’s Classwork:

2025 Galvanic Cell FRQ. pdf                                                                                                                                                           
View Download

2025 Galvanic Cell FRQ Key. pdf                                                                                                                                                        View Download

Last Thursday homework – Question 2: YOU SHOULD COMPLETE QUESTION 1  and review with key and video below (this question was not assigned and is a great example of what you could see tomorrow!)

Intro Voltaic Cells worksheet 2 – skills.pdf
View Download

Intro Voltaic Cells worksheet 2 – skills Key p.pdf
 View Download

________________________________________________

AP Chemistry Voltaic Cell Concepts Review worksheet 2 Video: Question 1!

 

 

Review: Intro Voltaic cell worksheet 1:  

Intro Voltaic Cells worksheet 1.pdf
View Download
Intro Voltaic Cells Worksheet 1 key pp.pdf
View Download

    

 

___________________________________________                                                                                          Jump to:  Tuesday Homework / top
9/15 – Tuesday – B Day – 1,2B          

Main focus –
 

a) To identify the voltage change in a voltaic cell due to LeChatelier’s Principle with changes in the concentrations of ions in half cells, specifically when a precipitate is made or a common ion is added.

b) To reinforce the concepts of the voltaic / galvanic cell by taking a voltaic cell quiz.      

 
c) To design a voltaic cell with the greatest 30 second average voltage.
 
 
 Period 1-2:
 
1. Review of the Daniell cell with 3 stresses.
 
 Intro Voltaic Cells worksheet 2 – skills Key p.pdf
 View Download
 
Intro Voltaic Cells Worksheet 1 key pp.pdf
View Download
 
A) Dilution of an ion:  Adding water that will lower the molarity = ratio of amount of ions to volume of water
       
B) Adding a salt that causes a precipitate that lowers the molarity of an ion.– question 1: Intro Voltaic Cells   
                                                                                                                                                                 worksheet 2 – skills   
C)  Adding a salt that provides a common ion.  – question 2:    Intro Voltaic Cells 
                                                                                                                       worksheet 2 – skills
 
* B) and C) only have an effect on changing voltage or spontaneity of the forward direction of the redox reaction if the ion that is effected is in the overall reaction! For the Daniell cell is must be:
 
                                                  Zn0  (s)   +    Cu+2  —–>   Zn+2    +     Cu0
 
So only the Cu+2  or  Zn+2   are the ions and their concentration changes that can create a stress that will cause the reaction to shift (become more favorable).  If the ion is NOT COMMON to the overall reaction of the redox reaction (in the voltaic cell) then there will no effect on spontaneity or voltage. 
 
What is also important is that the solid electrodes cannot be diluted or increased as they do not make solutions so we are only left with the (aq) ions that can be altered to CREATE A STRESS that will change the spontaneity of voltage of a voltaic or galvanic cell.
 
 Positive volts = Favorable Pathway = Spontaneous = entropy of universe (∆S) increasing (∆S) increasing= energy dispersed = obtain Free Energy (∆G) to do work (power our phones!) 

 

4. Complete a voltaic / galvanic cell quiz.

5. LAB 3 – STEM LAB SET-UP

_________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                    Lab 3 – The Voltaic Cell STEM Lab
 

LAB 3  – design a voltaic cell with greatest voltage– modest prize up for grabs!

 
Voltaic Competition – Lab 3.pdf                                                                                                 View Download
 
Given the following electrodes:  Sn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Al
and solutions:  
 
sodium hydroxide, copper (II) sulphate, tin (II) chloride, 
iron (III) chloride, aluminum nitrate, zinc nitrate 
 
Students gather their materials and design their battery.  Design needs to be in the lab groups presentation before they begin. Lab 2 – This is a slide-up lab done per each individual student.  Please follow instructions:
 

This Lab write-up is NOT a group slide-up.  There is one presentation for every individual.ab group. I have emailed everyone with their individual link.

You need to present on the slides in the Presentation the following:

1. Title page with all Lab partners listed.

2. Objectives.

3. Materials Page listed with all available components

4. Labeled Diagram Slide of proposed voltaic cell design – Draw a diagram with your phone

        A) labeled anode and cathode and identity of metals
        B) direction of the flow of electrons.
        C) all available ions present
        D) salt in salt bridge – and ion flow
        E) Charge on the electrodes
        F) Half reactions for each half cell
        G) Overall net ion equation
        H) Eo cell
  5. Labeled Diagram Slide of actual voltaic cell design – Use a picture you took with your phone                                                  Label as you did in #4                                                                                                                                                                            
  6. Diagram of manipulations of Spontaneity – U diagram, LeChateliers principle chart                                                                
  7. Best Measured voltage (need a picture or video with the battery).                                                                                                            
   8. Discussion section of why your design or choice of materials lead you to your results.  Chemical reactions are needed (overall reaction) as well as any side reactions that were competing,  Why was you final choices better than your original
 
  

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1. Please review the graded quiz that will be emailed back to you sometime today.  A blank copy and the key will be posted below as well as a complete review video which is posted above.. You have another quiz tomorrow which will be the best out of 2!

 

Today’s Quiz Key is posted here:

Voltaic Cell quiz 1.pdf
View Download 

Voltaic Cell quiz 1 key.pdf                                                                                                                      View Download

 
2.  Complete both sides of the worksheet below and review with the key. Skip question 6 iii in question 6.
 
Recent Voltaic Cell AP Test Questions .pdf

View Download 

 
Recent Voltaic Cell AP Test Questions key p.pdf
View Download
 

Review of the Voltaic cell quiz given Today: I will open this video after both classes finish the quiz today.

 

________________________________________________                                  Jump to: Wednesday Homework / top   9/16 – Wednesday – A Day – 1AB

Main focus –

a)  To identify the voltage change in a voltaic cell due to Le Chatelier’s Principle with changes in the concentrations of ions in half cells, specifically in a concentration cell

b) To review the AP problems that introduce different voltaic cell designs.
 
c) To take the second Voltaic Cell quiz

 

Period 1:

 

 *Collect Lab 2!

1.  Review of Homework released  questions – Does the anode always get oxidized?

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Recent Voltaic Cell AP Test Questions key p.pdf

 
2. Standard Cell Experiment Explained now that we understand the voltaic / galvanic cell.
 
3.  Concentration Cell –  Voltaic cells of our nervous system!!
                                                                                                                                                                                    Concentration Cell:
 
                                         Cu0  (s)   +    Cu+2  —–>   Cu+2    +     Cu0
 
So only the Cu+2   ions and their concentration changes that can create a stress that will cause the reaction to shift (become more favorable).  If there is no change in the concentrations in either the oxidation cell or the reduction cell then there is no spontaneity or no voltage.  This voltaic cell can be manipulated by LeChatelier’s Principle  by adding  a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     A) COMMON ion (ex. CuCl2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     B) an ion that will precipitate out Cu+2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     C) water to one side that will dilute the molarity the concentration of Cu+2
 
                  Positive volts = Favorable Pathway = Spontaneous = entropy of universe (∆S) increasing
              (∆S) increasing= energy dispersed = obtain Free Energy (∆G) to do work (power our phones!)   
 
 Concentration Cells in our bodies!! 
Today’s Demo: Set up a concentration cell with same concentration of copper (II) nitrate in both half cells and in the salt bridge. 
 
– I added more copper (II) ions into the reduction half cell = INCREASED VOLTAGE.
– I added water into the oxidation half cell = INCREASED VOLTAGE
– I added sodium carbonate into the oxidation half cell = INCREASED VOLTAGE
                     
3.  Voltaic Cell Quiz – (Last 15 minutes)

 

Today’s Demo – What if I create voltaic cell with the same electrodes (Cu) and the same concentration of Copper ions? 

Left Half Cell = Cu/ 0.1 M Cu(NO3)2
Right Half Cell = Cu /0.1 M Cu(NO3)2
Salt Bridge : 0.1M Cu(NO3)2
Stress 1: Add CuCl2 (s) to left beaker
Stress 2: Add H2O to right beaker
                                                                          Do these 2 stresses counteract each other?

Today’s lesson on the concentration cell:

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1.  Please read the notes below, the animation AND THE VIDEO below,  12 volt car battery (lead acid) battery which is oldest and the most utilized battery in the cat industry UNLESS its an electric car (Lithium Ion).                                                                                                                                                                            

2. Complete the form below on battery in your car (lead acid) UNLESS 

     its an electric car (Lithium Ion). You have a total of 3 submissions to this form.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

How It Works

Let me give you the big picture first for those who aren’t very detail oriented. Basically, when a battery is being discharged, the sulfuric acid in the electrolyte is being depleted so that the electrolyte more closely resembles water. At the same time, sulfate from the acid is coating the plates and reducing the surface area over which the chemical reaction can take place. Charging reverses the process, driving the sulfate back into the acid. That’s it in a nutshell, but read on for a better understanding. If you’ve already run from the room screaming and pulling your hair, don’t worry.

The electrolyte (sulfuric acid and water) contains charged ions of sulfate and hydrogen. The sulfate ions are negatively charged, and the hydrogen ions have a positive charge. Here’s what happens when you turn on a load (headlight, starter, etc). The sulfate ions move to the negative plates and give up their negative charge. The remaining sulfate combines with the active material on the plates to form lead sulfate. This reduces the strength of the electrolyte, and the sulfate on the plates acts as an electrical insulator. The excess electrons flow out the negative side of the battery, through the electrical device, and back to the positive side of the battery. At the positive battery terminal, the electrons rush back in and are accepted by the positive plates. The oxygen in the active material (lead dioxide) reacts with the hydrogen ions to form water, and the lead reacts with the sulfuric acid to form lead sulfate.

The ions moving around in the electrolyte are what create the current flow, but as the cell becomes discharged, the number of ions in the electrolyte decreases and the area of active material available to accept them also decreases because it’s becoming coated with sulfate. Remember, the chemical reaction takes place in the pores on the active material that’s bonded to the plates.

___________________________________________

 

Lead Acid Battery Presentation : 

1st Video: Lead Acid Battery Animation : 

2nd Video: Lead Acid Battery Tutorial : 

 

3rd video: Lead Acid Battery Tutorial : 

 

In the Lead Acid Battery:      Standard Reduction Potentials  
 
*Your standard reduction potential table that I gave you is an incomplete list as there are many more chemicals that have had their reduction potentials measured. A more complete list is posted below and it will include the reduction potentials from reactions in the lead acid battery.
 
CRC – standard reduction potentials                                                                                                              View Download
 
                PbO2(s)   +  HSO–4 (aq)  +  3H+ (aq)   +  2e–  —>  PbSO4 (s)  +  2H2O (l)         E0 =   + 1.69 V
                               
                                              PbSO4(s)  + H+ (aq)  + 2e–  —->  HSO4– (aq)  + Pb (s)            E0 =     – .35 V
                                                         
  In your AP Reference Table:                  Pb+2  +  2e–  —->    Pb0                                       E0=     – .13 V
 
 
Lead Acid Form:  This form is based in the information above. You have 4 submissions this tonight.

 

 ________________________________________________                                                               Jump to:  Thursday Homework / top    9/17 – Thursday – B Day – 1,2B    

Main focus – 

a) To Review the Lead Acid Battery

b) To begin the design of lab 2 – design a voltaic cell                                                                                 

Period 1-2:
1. Review of Voltaic cell Quiz. 
 
Voltaic Cell Quiz 2 – 22-23 KEY.pdf

 
2. Review the Lead Acid Battery HW Form- with key

 

Lead Acid Battery – Notes 24-25.pdf

 

Question13:

– Implications for your voltaic cell design.

 

3. Construct your voltaic cell based on your plan that you and your lab group decided on last night

 
       a) Test your Voltage of that cell. (take pictures of your cell for the slide presentation (slide-up)
 
       b) Make adjustments to that cell to improve it. You may need to identify other factors that you did not                                                                                                             consider in the your first design. 
 
        c) Complete your final design and record your sustained voltage for 30 secs.
              Include the video and still pics of the final design in you slide-up.

 

 

 

 

Lead Acid Battery Notes –

In the Lead Acid Battery:   
 
                                                         
In your AP Reference Table:   Pb+2  +  2e–  →   Pb0                                              E0=     – .13 V
 
 
PbO2(s)  +  HSO4–(aq)  +  3H+(aq)  +  2e– →  PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)            E0 =   + 1.69 V

 

                                      HSO4–(aq)  + Pb (s)  →  PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e–       E0 =    + .35 V         _________________________________________________________________________________________________________        

PbO2(s) + 2HSO4–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + Pb (s) →  2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O (l)                       +2.04 V                                                                                                                                                           

 
In the reduction half reaction there is actaully 2 steps that is helped by Le Chatelier’s Principle:
 
Step 1:                    PbO2(s)  +   2e-  +  4H+(aq) →  2H2O (l)  +   Pb +2(aq) 
 
Step 2:                       Pb +2(aq)  +   HSO4–(aq)  →  PbSO4 (s)   +  H+(aq)
               ________________________________________________________________________
     PbO2(s)  +  HSO4–(aq)  +  3H+(aq)  +  2e– →  PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l) 
 
 Notice the Pb+2  ion is decreased in concentration as it becomes a precipitate (solid).  The first step must shift to the right making the entire process MORE spontaneous.
 
 
Lead Acid Battery Diagram:
 
_________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                    Lab 3 – The Voltaic Cell STEM Lab
 

LAB 3  – design a voltaic cell with greatest voltage– modest breakfast up for grabs

 
Voltaic Competition – Lab 3.pdf                                                                                                 View Download
 
Given the following electrodes:  Sn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Al
and solutions:  
 
sodium hydroxide, copper (II) sulphate, tin (II) chloride, 
iron (III) chloride, aluminum nitrate, zinc nitrate 
 
Students gather their materials and design their battery.  Design needs to be in the lab groups presentation before they begin. Lab 2 – This is a slide-up lab done per each individual student.  Please follow instructions:
 

This Lab write-up is NOT a group slide-up.  There is one presentation for every individual.ab group. I have emailed everyone with their individual link.

You need to present on the slides in the Presentation the following:

1. Title page with all Lab partners listed.

2. Objectives.

3. Materials Page listed with all available components

4. Labeled Diagram Slide of proposed voltaic cell design – Draw a diagram with your phone

        A) labeled anode and cathode and identity of metals
        B) direction of the flow of electrons.
        C) all available ions present
        D) salt in salt bridge – and ion flow
        E) Charge on the electrodes
        F) Half reactions for each half cell
        G) Overall net ion equation
        H) Eo cell
  5. Labeled Diagram Slide of actual voltaic cell design – Use a picture you took with your phone                                                  Label as you did in #4                                                                                                                                                                            
  6. Diagram of manipulations of Spontaneity – U diagram, LeChateliers principle chart                                                                
  7. Best Measured voltage (need a picture or video with the battery).                                                                                                            
   8. Discussion section of why your design or choice of materials lead you to your results.  Chemical reactions are needed (overall reaction) as well as any side reactions that were competing,  Why was you final choices better than your original
 
  

_____________________________________________________                                                                                                                     jump to:  top 9/17 – Thursday’s Homework: – 

1. Complete slides 1 – 4 based on the requirements posted above for Lab 3. 

 

2. Complete your battery design based in today’s results!!!

– you will have one more period to construct a voltaic cell with the greatest voltage

3. Alkaline battery assignment:

a) Please view the video on how the Alkaline battery is made.
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b)  Please view the animation of the alkaline battery and the half reactions for this household battery.
 
c) Please complete the Alkaline Form.                                                                                                                          

1: How Alkaline Batteries are made : 

Alkaline Battery Animation : 

In the Alkaline Battery:

Inner half Cell:

                ZnO (s) + H2O (l) + 2e–  →   Zn (s) + 2OH– (aq)            (E° = – 1.28 V)

Outer half Cell:

           2MnO2 (s) + H2O (l) + 2e– → Mn2O3 (s) + 2OH– (aq)      (E° = + 0.15V)

 

https://electricalengineering123.com
 
 
Alkaline Battery Form:  This form is based in the information above. You have 3 submissions.


 

_______________________________________                                                                                                          Jump to:  Friday Homework / top
9/18 – Friday – A Day – 1AB     

Main focus– 
 

a) To Construct a Voltaic cell with greatest sustained voltage in 30 seconds. 

Period 1:: Lab b
 
1. (Period 2)  – Quick Review of the Alkaline Battery Form with key below:
 
Voltaic Cell Quiz 2 – 22-23 KEY.pdf

 

Why do these batteries explode or leak?

Zn (s)  +  2H2O (l)  +  KOH (aq)  →  K2Zn(OH)4 (aq)  +  H2  (g)

 
         Why is the residue white or sometimes blue?                                          And sometimes white?
Cu (from Brass cover) gets oxidized and precipitates                The leaked hydroxide ion reacts with CO2 in the air to 
 out as copper hydroxide.                                                               to make the salt potassium carbonate.
 
2. Lab – Complete you best voltaic cell design today!!! Take picture and record your best voltage. You will need to label this voltaic cell and use a screen shot of your voltage to complete you lab.

 

 

_________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                    Lab 3 – The Voltaic Cell STEM Lab
 

LAB 3  – design a voltaic cell with greatest voltage– modest breakfast up for grabs

 
Voltaic Competition – Lab 3.pdf                                                                                                 View Download
 
Given the following electrodes:  Sn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Al
and solutions:  
 
sodium hydroxide, copper (II) sulphate, tin (II) chloride, 
iron (III) chloride, aluminum nitrate, zinc nitrate 
 
Students gather their materials and design their battery.  Design needs to be in the lab groups presentation before they begin. Lab 2 – This is a slide-up lab done per each individual student.  Please follow instructions:
 

This Lab write-up is NOT a group slide-up.  There is one presentation for every individual.ab group. I have emailed everyone with their individual link.

You need to present on the slides in the Presentation the following:

1. Title page with all Lab partners listed.

2. Objectives.

3. Materials Page listed with all available components

4. Labeled Diagram Slide of proposed voltaic cell design – Draw a diagram with your phone

        A) labeled anode and cathode and identity of metals
        B) direction of the flow of electrons.
        C) all available ions present
        D) salt in salt bridge – and ion flow
        E) Charge on the electrodes
        F) Half reactions for each half cell
        G) Overall net ion equation
        H) Eo cell
  5. Labeled Diagram Slide of actual voltaic cell design – Use a picture you took with your phone                                                  Label as you did in #4                                                                                                                                                                            
  6. Diagram of manipulations of Spontaneity – U diagram, LeChateliers principle chart                                                                
  7. Best Measured voltage (need a picture or video with the battery).                                                                                                            
   8. Discussion section of why your design or choice of materials lead you to your results.  Chemical reactions are needed (overall reaction) as well as any side reactions that were competing,  Why was you final choices better than your original
 
  

_________________________________________________                                                                                                  Jump to:   top                  9/18 – Friday Homework: –

1. Please view the Lithium Ion Battery Videos and complete the Lithium Ion Form below

2. Lab 2 write-up (slide – up): I have sent every one their individual link to a blank Google Presentation through their SCHOOL email. Please open the link and begin working on your slides of your individual presentation.  

IF YOU CANNOT OPEN THE LINK YOU NEED TO MAKE SURE YOU ARE SIGNED INTO GOOGLE WITH THE EMAIL ACCOUNT THAT THE LINK WAS SENT.
 
Your group needs to complete AT LEAST 1 – 7 for the weekend. I will review on Tuesday how to complete the discussion.

 

1. Title page with all Lab partners listed.

2. Objectives.

3. Materials Page listed with all available components

4. Labeled Diagram Slide of proposed voltaic cell design – Draw a diagram with your phone

        A) labeled anode and cathode and identity of metals
        B) direction of the flow of electrons.
        C) all available ions present
        D) salt in salt bridge – and ion flow
        E) Charge on the electrodes
        F) Half reactions for each half cell
        G) Overall net ion equation
        H) Eo cell
5. Labeled Diagram Slide of actual voltaic cell design – Use a picture you took with your phone Label as you did in #4 
 
6 – 8 will be Tuesday’s Night’s Homework_
6. Diagram of manipulations of Spontaneity – U diagram, Le Chateliers principle chart                                                                
7. Best Measured voltage (need a picture or video with the battery).                                                                                                            
8. Discussion section of why your design or choice of materials lead you to your results.  Chemical reactions are needed (overall reaction) as well as any side reactions that were competing,  Why was you final choices better than your original

  

How Lithium Ion Batteries work – Video 1 : 

How Lithium Ion Batteries work – Video 2 : 

 
Lithium Ion Battery Form:  This form is based in the information above. You have 4 submissions.
I will keep you posted! Get it?? Posted?? On this site?